In her work Les lieux mondiaux de l'histoire de France In Perrin (2025), editors Olivier Wieviorka and Michel Winock, together with a group of renowned historians, undertake an intellectual endeavor: they decenter French national history and search for those places outside the familiar "Hexagone" where the nation's destiny and identity were decisively shaped. The book breaks with the notion of a purely domestically isolated history and instead sketches a global topography of French memory, stretching from the battlefields of Indochina to the salons of Switzerland and the shores of Senegal.
Content
France's history as a global network: places and spaces
The book makes it clear that France's fate was often decided far from Paris. The authors link national identity to a multitude of global spaces, which can be divided into various categories:
First, there are the sites of military myths and traumas. The story begins paradoxically in Hastings (1066), where the Norman Conquest linked England and France in a way that continues to resonate in language and law, even though France for a long time hardly claimed this victory as "national." In modern times, Austerlitz (1805) stands out as the "Sun of Triumph" and the epitome of Napoleonic genius. But the work also reveals the other side: Waterloo (1815) is analyzed as a "glorious defeat" that, paradoxically, contributed more to the creation of legends than many victories, while places like Dien Bien Phu (1954) mark the painful end of imperial dreams and the beginning of a new world order.
A second focus is on spaces of colonial ambivalence. The authors examine places such as the four communes of Senegal (Dakar, Gorée, Rufisque, and Saint-Louis), where experiments with French citizenship for the colonial population took place as early as the 19th century. In Casablanca, France presented itself as a modern protecting power, aspiring to emulate Chicago, while the conversion of the Ketchawa Mosque in Algiers into a cathedral (1832) symbolizes the violent cultural rupture of colonization. The French concession in Shanghai (a demarcated district under French administration and jurisdiction) also reveals France as an imperial actor that sought to create a "Paris of the Orient," but which remained a fragile construct, often based on morally dubious agreements.
Third, the book examines France's "soft power" and intellectual influence. The Statue of Liberty in New York is analyzed not only as a monument to freedom but also as a strategic gift intended to heal Franco-American relations strained by the Second Empire. Remarkable connections are revealed in the Brazilian flag, which, with its motto "Ordem e Progresso" (Order and Progress), bears a direct legacy of Auguste Comte's French positivism. The Pasteur Institute in Nha Trang, Vietnam, founded by Alexandre Yersin, is also recognized as a place of "shared science," serving today as a bridge between former enemies.
Finally, sites of exile and political symbolism are considered. On St. Helena, Napoleon sculpted his own myth, transforming the misery of Longwood into a global legend. Victor Hugo made the island of Guernsey a "gift to exile," where he created world literature such as "Les Misérables," while Madame de Staël developed the Swiss Château Coppet into an intellectual center of resistance against Napoleon. Even Montreal, Canada, became a global focal point of French foreign policy and national self-assertion in 1967 with De Gaulle's cry of "Vive le Québec libre!" (Long live Free Quebec!).
Evaluation of the method: A globalization of the “lieux de mémoire”
Wieviorka and Winock's methodological approach can be seen as a logical development and globalization of Pierre Nora's concept of "lieux de mémoire" (sites of memory). Instead of following a linear chronology, the book uses 24 emblematic "anchor points" abroad to question the national narrative. This approach is innovative and scientifically valuable for several reasons:
Multiperspectivity and dialogue: The work is not limited to the French perspective. It addresses the "shared memory" (mémoire partagée), which often oscillates between glorification and denial. For example, the memory of the Suez Canal or the Battle of Dien Bien Phu is examined from French, Egyptian, and Vietnamese perspectives.
Linking the material and the immaterial: The essays examine not only geographical facts or architecture, but also the culture of memory associated with these places. One example is the Church of Saint-Louis-des-Français in Rome, which today is more closely linked to Caravaggio than to the French nation for many tourists.
Deconstruction of myths: The authors do not shy away from deconstructing national myths. Thus, while the significance of the Battle of Bir Hakeim is acknowledged as a heroic act, it is simultaneously placed within the military-historical context of the British retreat, thereby objectifying the purely French perspective.
The image of France: A nation beyond its borders
What overall picture of this nation emerges from this ambitious undertaking? France appears here not as an isolated, self-contained fortress, but as a dynamic, often contradictory global actor. The resulting image is deeply ambivalent: On the one hand, France is portrayed as a civilizational power whose values (freedom, positivism, science) exerted an enormous attraction. The universal validity of the ideals of 1789 becomes tangible in places like New York or Montreal.
On the other hand, the book does not shy away from the darker aspects and moral failings. It documents the arrogance of power in Shanghai, the violence of colonization in Algeria, diplomatic weakness in Munich in 1938, and financial scandals such as the Panama Canal.
In conclusion, the work paints a picture of a "nation that recognizes itself in the mirror of the foreign." French identity was not only forged in Versailles or on the barricades of Paris, but also on the banks of the Nile, in the mountains of Moravia, and in the rice paddies of Tonkin. The book proves that one can only fully understand the history of France by being willing to look beyond the borders of the hexagon and into the world.
Individual contributions
Olivier Wieviorka and Michel Winock: Foreword
The editors posit that French history was forged not only within France but also significantly abroad. They identify military conflicts, colonial ambitions, and cultural "soft power" as key drivers of this global identity formation. The work examines places where France's fate merged with that of other nations in an often shared memory. Its aim is to raise awareness of the prominent role of foreign countries in the national narrative. The value of this introduction lies in its theoretical framework of the nation as an open system shaped by external contacts.
Dominique Barthélemy: Hastings
The Battle of Bayeux in 1066 is analyzed as a foundational event that inextricably linked England and France legally and linguistically. The author demonstrates that for a long time, the victory was not perceived as a "national" success for France, as the Normans were considered a foreign ethnic group. Only modern scholarship recognizes the French character of the undertaking and its lasting impact on English. Today, the memory of the battle is preserved primarily through the Bayeux Tapestry, which honors the fallen of both sides without mockery. The historical lesson lies in the realization that this victory on foreign soil ultimately compelled the Capetians to unite the French heartland.
Catherine Brice: Saint-Louis-des-Français à Rome: the nation against Caravage?
Brice examines the French national church in Rome as a former center of monarchical representation in the heart of Christendom. For centuries, the church served as an anchor point for the Gallic nation and a showcase for national art and music. Today, however, the site is dominated by hypertourism surrounding Caravaggio's paintings, obscuring its original political function. The author traces the church's transformation into a pantheon of distinguished French citizens who died in the Eternal City. The contribution of this work lies in highlighting the tension between the preservation of national memory and globalized cultural heritage within a sacred space.
Jean-Marie Le Gall: Marignan et Pavie
Le Gall analyzes these Italian battles as high points and crises in French hegemonic ambitions in Lombardy. He emphasizes the international character of the armies, thus deconstructing the modern narrative of purely national armed forces. At Marignan (1515), Francis I secured his dynastic claim to the Duchy of Milan through a bloody victory over the Swiss, leading to a lasting alliance with the Swiss Confederation and the Concordat of Bologna, thereby consolidating the crown's power base. While Marignan now serves as easy study material for the beginning of the Renaissance, Pavie (1525) became a trauma of amnesia. There, the king was defeated by the troops of Emperor Charles V in an attempt to recapture Milan and was taken prisoner, resulting in the definitive loss of the Italian possessions and the failure of the dreams of a French universal monarchy in Europe. Yet, paradoxically, the king's imprisonment created the image of him as a "knight of the arts" and protector of literature. The benefit lies in the demonstration of how military failure abroad can contribute to the aesthetic identity formation of the monarchy.
Michel Winock: Le château de Coppet
Winock describes the Swiss castle as an intellectual "Elysium" that, under Madame de Staël, became the center of European resistance against Napoleon. In exile, she created a space for free exchange that would have been impossible in imperial Paris. The essay illuminates how de Staël forged a European identity within a French soul and sowed the seeds of liberal ideas. Despite her profound suffering in exile, Coppet became the birthplace of a modern, transnational political culture. The essential finding is the demonstration that France's liberal spirit often survived under the protection of exile abroad.
Michel Kerautret: Austerlitz
Austerlitz is portrayed as the perfect masterpiece of Napoleonic genius and a synonym for total triumph. The author explains how Napoleon himself constructed the myth through skillful bulletins, thereby shaping European opinion. Today, the memory of the site has been largely aestheticized and is perceived as a tourist attraction without national bitterness. Kerautret demonstrates how the "victory of intelligence" became the foundation for Germany's later modernization. The value lies in the analysis of the transformation of a bloody event into a purely aesthetic European cultural asset.
Thierry Lentz: Waterloo, memory of a defeat of glory
Lentz examines how a devastating defeat paradoxically became the birthplace of an immortal legend surrounding Napoleon. He describes how French intellectuals like Victor Hugo transformed the disaster into a narrative of misfortune and betrayal. In his monumental work Les Misérables Hugo devoted nineteen chapters to the battle, in which he reinterpreted the military defeat as a literary victory, putting forward the bold thesis that Napoleon had almost won the battle due to fateful circumstances. The physical site in Belgium is now painstakingly divided between national monuments to the victors and the dominant French folklore. Remarkably, many international tourists leave the battlefield with the impression that Napoleon somehow won. The takeaway is to illustrate the power of narrative over the historical fact of failure.
Jean-Paul Bled: The Vienna Congress
Bled revises the image of the Congress of Vienna of 1815, which was long considered in France to be the epitome of national humiliation. He analyzes Talleyrand's attempts to reintegrate France into the European concert through skillful diplomacy. The essay demonstrates how the system of "barrier states," directed against France, was ultimately undermined by the principle of nationality. Ultimately, French support for peoples such as the Romanians contributed to the gradual dismantling of Vienna's legacy. The value of this analysis lies in understanding diplomatic frameworks as a driving force behind France's long-term foreign policy.
Jean-Paul Kauffmann: Longwood, “a curieuse moisture”
Kauffmann portrays St. Helena as the place where the fallen emperor transformed the misery of Longwood into a worldwide legend. Ennui and the humid climate served as a stage for Napoleon to hone his own myth as a "new Prometheus" through his biographers. The essay emphasizes the remarkable lucidity of the exile, who ruthlessly analyzed his own failings. Longwood thus becomes a mirror of French history, which constantly oscillates between rise and fall. The lesson lies in the realization that the most powerful French myth was born in a wretched barracks in the Atlantic.
Julie Marquet: Pondicherry – Puducherry
Pondicherry is portrayed as a space of colonial ambivalence, where France sought to create a "Paris of the East." Marquet illuminates the strict urban separation between the "white city" and the Indian quarters, as well as the dependence on Indian intermediaries. Even after independence, French influence was maintained through targeted cultural diplomacy and academic institutions such as the IFP. Today, the city serves as a tourist "Riviera of the East," commercially exploiting its colonial charm. The contribution of this essay is the insight into the longevity of "soft power" after the end of political rule.
Benoît Pellistrandi: The Granja de San Ildefonso, a Versailles Spanish
This essay presents the Spanish palace as a manifesto of the Bourbons' cultural and political expansion across the Pyrenees. Pellistrandi demonstrates how Spain's first Bourbon king, Philip V, imported French architecture and models of centralization. La Granja symbolically represents the reversal of cultural flows between the two countries in favor of the French model. Despite national resistance, this influence permanently altered the Spanish understanding of state and aesthetics. The essay concludes that French identity was exported to a neighboring country as a program of modernization.
Jean-Marc Hovasse: Guernsey
Hovasse describes Victor Hugo's exile on Guernsey as a period in which the island became a sounding board for universal human rights issues. The poet designed his house, Hauteville House, as a material reflection of his spirit and as a "gift to exile." Here, not only did world literature such as... Les Misérables, but also political manifestos against slavery and for a united Europe. From afar, Hugo embodied "free France" while defying the regime of Napoleon III. The historical value lies in the analysis of the symbiosis between a creative mind and its geographical refuge.
Edward Berenson: The statue of freedom, don of France, symbols of America
Berenson analyzes the statue as a strategic gift intended to heal strained Franco-American relations. He describes the enormous financial hurdles and the commercial exploitation that Bartholdi used to realize the colossal work. While the monument is now considered a purely American symbol in the United States, numerous replicas in France preserve the memory of its origin. The statue functions as a "site of remembrance" for the shared ideals of the Enlightenment and liberty. The benefit lies in understanding a monument as an instrument of international diplomacy and myth-making.
Yves Saint Georges: The Brazilian flag
This article explores the profound influence of Auguste Comte's French positivism on the founding of the Brazilian state. The motto "Ordem e Progresso" (Order and Progress) on the Brazilian flag is a direct legacy of this ideology, which was adopted by military elites. Saint-Geours describes the establishment of a "temple of humanity" in Rio, intellectually oriented towards Paris. This philosophical influence proved more enduring than many material colonial projects. The lesson learned is that French thought shaped the visual and ideological identity of a distant nation.
Jie Jiang: The French concession in Shanghai, the country's marécageuse in «Paris de l'Orient»
Jiang outlines the development of the concession from a swampy area to a flourishing center of French culture and power in China. The site served as an exclusive colonial enclave where Haussmannian urban planning and architecture were implemented verbatim. Paradoxically, the concession also became a refuge for Chinese revolutionaries and the birthplace of the Communist Party of China. Today, the buildings are placed under strict protection as cultural capital for urban renewal. The result is a representation of a space that simultaneously accommodated imperial interests and revolutionary counter-movements.
Guillaume Cuchet: The Cathedral of Saint-Philippe d'Alger
Cuchet describes the forced conversion of the Ketchawa Mosque into a cathedral in 1832 as a symbol of the colonial cultural rupture. The act marked a departure from initial promises to respect religious sites and served to establish a French presence. With Algerian independence in 1962, the building was immediately returned to Islamic worship and consecrated, ending its Christian episode. Ironically, the cathedral's "Neo-Moorish" style later became the aesthetic standard for colonial civil buildings. The takeaway lies in the example of the fragility of religious symbols as instruments of colonial rule.
Francis Démier: Le Crystal Palace de Londres
The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London is analyzed as a moment of industrial confrontation and the beginning of the Entente Cordiale. France showcased its luxury goods and handicrafts there to distinguish itself from British mass production. Démier explains how French economists perceived this event as the starting point for the modernization of national capitalism. The exhibition fostered a technological dialogue that ultimately led to the trade agreement of 1860. The benefit lies in the perspective gained from an international stage that compelled France to confront its economic self-awareness.
Caroline Piquet: The Canal de Suez, histoire de France and Egypt
The Suez Canal is portrayed as a monumental technical and financial triumph of French entrepreneurship under Ferdinand de Lesseps. Piquet describes the fusion of Saint-Simonian ideals with the engineering expertise of elite universities. In Egyptian memory, however, the canal remains inextricably linked to forced labor and imperialist exploitation. The crisis of 1956 ultimately marked the end of European dominance in the region and the transition to Egyptian sovereignty. The lesson lies in understanding this structure as a bridge between national pride and postcolonial conflict.
Pascale Barthélémy: Les Quatre Communes du Sénégal
Barthélémy examines the special status of four Senegalese cities whose inhabitants acquired French citizenship at an early stage. These “originaires” were able to participate politically while simultaneously retaining their local personal status. The article demonstrates how an educated elite emerged here, one that both supported and challenged the colonial system. Today, this privileged status is the subject of intense debate about the colonial legacy and the identity of Senegalese heroes. The result is an understanding of a complex legal history that undermines simplistic dichotomies of oppression and liberation.
Jean Garrigues: The Canal de Panama, a rendez-vous manqué with the history of France
The Panama Canal is analyzed as a symbol of the failure of French ambition and as the trigger for a profound political crisis. Garrigues describes how technical miscalculations and corruption within the press and parliament shook the Third Republic. The resulting scandal fueled populism and anti-Semitism, which weakened French democracy in the long run. Ultimately, the United States reaped the benefits of the project, while for France it remained a "missed opportunity." The takeaway from this analysis is a warning against the dangers of megalomania and a lack of parliamentary oversight.
Daniel Rivet: Casablanca
Casablanca is presented as a colonial laboratory for urban modernity and architectural experimentation. Rivet describes the city as a projection screen for French energy, which was able to unfold freely in the "Chicago of the Maghreb." Under Lyautey, innovative districts emerged that combined Western standards with local forms in the "neo-Moorish" style. However, the modern facade masked social tensions and the explosive growth of slums. The benefit lies in portraying Casablanca as a space where France physically manifested its dreams of progress and power.
Annick Guénel and Anne-Marie Moulin: L'Institut Pasteur de Nha Trang
The authors illuminate the legacy of Alexandre Yersin, who founded a center for the study of epidemics and agriculture in Vietnam. Yersin is portrayed as a passionate researcher whose work serves today as a bridge for a "shared science" between France and Vietnam. The fact that his grave and institute are still honored as national monuments demonstrates an unusual continuity beyond decolonization. Yersin has been integrated into Vietnamese national history as the city's "guardian spirit." The result is evidence that scientific endeavor can foster lasting reconciliation between former enemies.
Raphaële Ulrich-Pier: Munich
Munich is analyzed as a symbol of diplomatic weakness and the disastrous betrayal of an ally in 1938. The author demonstrates how the "Munich Complex" has since served as a persistent negative reference point in French foreign policy. While Daladier sensed the reality of defeat, the public was mistakenly reassured by a supposed peace. The article makes it clear that the term "munichois" is still used today as a political insult for cowardice. The key takeaway is the realization of how a foreign negotiating venue became an enduring monument to national identity and honor.
Jean-François Muracciole: Bir Hakeim, mythe et lieu imparfait
The desert battle of 1942 is portrayed as a pivotal event in the myth-making of the Free French. Muracciole emphasizes the diversity of the troops, in which soldiers from the colonies formed the majority and fought for de Gaulle's prestige. This essay deconstructs the military narrative by demonstrating that the strategic significance of the battle has often been exaggerated. Nevertheless, the heroic resistance against Rommel provided the Gaullist struggle with the necessary international legitimacy. The value lies in understanding how a single defensive action was elevated to the founding myth of a new France.
Ivan Cadeau: Diên Biên Phu
Diên Biên Phu is analyzed as the traumatic end of the French colonial empire in Asia and as a military disaster. Cadeau explains the battle as the result of mutually influencing strategies that ultimately led to total capitulation. The defeat marked the painful moment of forced decolonization and France's withdrawal from Indochina. For the Vietnamese side, however, the site remains the epitome of a people's victory over colonial oppression. The historical takeaway is to understand the site as a turning point where France's global power ambitions finally crumbled.
Paul Dietschy: My triumph at the Olympic Stadium in Melbourne
Alain Mimoun's marathon victory in 1956 is celebrated as a patriotic triumph that reconciled a fractured colonial identity. Mimoun, a son of Algeria and a decorated war veteran, embodied a France simultaneously embroiled in the painful Algerian War. His victory over his rival Zátopek was hailed at home as a "sporting El Alamein" and a symbol of national strength. The Republic subsequently elevated him to a role model for integration and military virtue. The benefit lies in demonstrating how sporting successes abroad can contribute to the internal stabilization of a nation in crisis.
Olivier Dard: De Gaulle on the Balcony of Montreal (24 July 1967)
The cry “Vive le Québec libre!” is analyzed as a deliberate act of historical revisionism and support for French identity in Canada. Dard demonstrates that de Gaulle intended to symbolically undo the historic defeat of 1763. The speech triggered a diplomatic earthquake but also instilled in Quebecers a new sense of pride and international recognition. The visit institutionalized lasting cultural cooperation between Paris and the people of Quebec. The outcome is an understanding of the power of a single sentence that redefined postcolonial solidarity worldwide.
Marie-Bénédicte Vincent: Baden-Baden
Baden-Baden is examined in its dual role as a fashionable "summer capital" of the 19th century and as a military base after 1945. Vincent describes the occupation period, during which music was deliberately used as a tool for the re-education of the German population. The town gained notoriety as de Gaulle's refuge during the May 1968 crisis, where he sought reassurance from General Massu. This episode illustrates the close intertwining of military power and personal political authority in times of crisis. The outcome lies in the perception of "neutral ground," which became a symbol of Franco-German reconciliation.
Comparison with Patrick Boucherons World History of France
Patrick Boucheron's anthology World History of France (Seuil, 2017, hereinafter: HM) aims to present France not as an isolated entity, but as an open space inextricably linked to world history. Methodologically, the work breaks with linear national narratives and instead uses 146 significant dates as anchor points to re-examine French history "from the outside" or through global currents. This approach seeks to break down narrow identities and highlight the diversity, as well as the constant migrations and cultural transfers, that have shaped the country.
Thematically, the volume covers a vast period, beginning 40.000 years ago with prehistoric art, in order to neutralize the "myth of origins." The contributions address a broad spectrum, from the Neolithic Revolution, understood as an import from the Orient, to the global interconnectedness brought about by the plague in the 14th century, to the influence of the Enlightenment and the dark side of colonialism. The focus is less on the expansion of a "global France" than on how global events—such as climate change or worldwide trade flows—fundamentally shaped French history.
In comparison to Wieviorka and Winock's "Les lieux mondiaux" (LM), clear similarities emerge in the intention to decenter national history and broaden the perspective beyond the "hexagon." Both works pursue a polyphonic approach, in which a multitude of professional historians collaborate to create a multifaceted and academically grounded picture of the nation that transcends mere myths. They share the conviction that French identity was significantly shaped by contact with the foreign and in places beyond its own borders.
A key difference, however, lies in the chronological depth and structural focus. While Boucheron's work reaches back to prehistory to expose spatial continuity as a "mirage," "Les lieux mondiaux" concentrates more on the modern and contemporary periods. Furthermore, Boucheron uses data as methodological entry points to outline a "history in motion," whereas Wieviorka and Winock create a topography of sites of memory (lieux de mémoire) that are physically located outside of France.
It can also be observed that Boucheron's approach is explicitly politically motivated, as he wants to defend French history against reactionary appropriations and understand it as part of a global network. "Les lieux mondiaux" reads more like a spatial extension of the classical concept of sites of memory, examining how specific locations abroad—from St. Helena to Shanghai—became anchor points of the national narrative.
A comparative analysis of these two projects reveals that both aim to decenter national history and understand it as part of a global network. Nevertheless, they differ in their analytical approach.
The example of Hastings (1066) vividly illustrates this difference, as the same author, Dominique Barthélemy, analyzes the Norman Conquest in both works. In HM, the date serves to dissolve the "mirage" of spatial continuity and to show how the Capetians were only compelled to unite the French heartland by this victory on foreign soil. LM, on the other hand, views Hastings as an anchor point of lasting connection, inextricably intertwining England and France both legally and linguistically, thus demonstrating that national identity often arises beyond one's own borders.
Even in the examination of the Suez Canal (1869), differing emphases emerge: In LM, the canal is portrayed as a monumental triumph of French engineering and "soft power," with the symbolic overcoming of the impossible taking center stage. HM, on the other hand, situates the event within a global industrial regime and analyzes the canal as an instrument of a worldwide shift in power and economic acceleration. Thus, while LM celebrates French prestige on the Nile, HM understands the canal as a window through which the world's economic forces exert their influence on France.
With regard to Brazil, LM focuses on the material representation of French influence, particularly the Brazilian flag and the Temple of Humanity in Rio, which serve as tangible and physical testimonies to the success of Auguste Comte's positivism. HM adopts a broader intellectual-historical perspective, examining how this French export of thought shaped the visual and ideological identity of a distant nation within the context of its republican revolution. Here, the commonality between the two works becomes clear: both understand France as a civilizational power whose values exerted a global attraction.
Finally, the episode involving De Gaulle in Montreal (1967) illustrates how differently political symbols can be interpreted. In LM, the focus is specifically on the balcony of City Hall as a physical sounding board for a historical reckoning with the defeat of 1763. HM, on the other hand, analyzes the cry "Vive le Québec libre!" as a moment that redefined postcolonial solidarity worldwide and symbolically reclaimed French identity in North America.
Overall, it achieves Les lieux mondiaux de l'histoire de France A consistent decentering of national history, by directing attention to those anchor points outside the "Hexagon" where the nation's destiny was significantly shaped. The work expands the classical concept of sites of memory to include a global dimension, demonstrating that French identity is not an isolated product but has been forged in constant exchange through military triumphs, colonial ambivalences, and cultural "soft power." It makes clear that places like St. Helena, Shanghai, and Casablanca are integral components of a "global archive" of French history, while consistently addressing the tension of a "shared memory" between national glorification and local critique.
In contrast to World History of FranceWhile Boucheron's work primarily explores how global currents—such as climate, epidemics, or migration—shaped French territory from the outside, this work seeks to examine France's presence in the world. Whereas Boucheron's approach and collective work are more temporally and chronologically oriented, attempting to neutralize the "myth of origins" with 146 significant dates, Wieviorka and Winock's project pursues a spatial and topographical strategy, analyzing specific locations abroad as fixed points of the national narrative. World History of France The world in France is searching and asking how global currents shaped the territory, as the work edited by Wieviorka and Winock senses. Les lieux mondiaux de l'histoire de France It traces France's presence in the world and examines places where national identity was forged in the mirror of the foreign.
This article is written in German and can be found at https://rentree.de. Automatic translations into English and French are available. English, French.
